Definition and Examples of Possessive Determiners

In English grammar, a possessive determiner is a type of function word  used in front of a noun to express possession or belonging (as in my phone).   The possessive determiners in English are my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. As  Lobeck and Denham point out, theres some overlap between possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. The basic difference, they say, is that pronouns replace full noun phrases. Possessive determiners, on the other hand, have to occur with a noun (Navigating English Grammar, 2014). Possessive determiners are sometimes called possessive adjectives, weak possessive pronouns, genitive pronouns, possessive determiner pronouns,  or simply possessives. Determiner and Grammar Rules CaseDeterminerGenitiveFirst-Person PronounsGenitiveModificationPersonal PronounPossessive CasePossessive PronounQuantifierSecond-Person PronounsSentence Completion Exercise: Personal Pronouns and Possessive DeterminersThird-Person PronounsUsing the Different Forms of Pronouns Examples and Observations One man, I remember, used to take off his hat and set fire to his hair every now and then, but I do not remember what it proved, if it proved anything at all, except that he was a very interesting man.(Dylan Thomas, Quite Early One Morning, 1954)Every society honors its live conformists and its dead troublemakers.(Mignon McLaughlin, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981Id like to be alone with my sandwich for a moment.(Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)He drifted off into sleep and Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her soul crawled out from its hiding place.(Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.(Henry David Thoreau, Walden You might as well fall flat on your face as lean over too far backward.(James Thurber, The Bear Who Let It AloneThe sextant was old. I found it stacked up with a collection of gramophones and ladies workboxes in a junk shop. Its brass frame was mottled green-and-black, the silvering on its mirrors had started to blister and peel off.(Jonathan Raban, Sea-Room. For Love Money: Writing, Reading, Travelling, 1969-1987. Collins Harvill, 1987Children begin by loving their parents; after a time they judge them; rarely, if ever, do they forgive them.(Oscar WildeMy hovercraft is full of eels.(John Cleese as the Hungarian in The Hungarian Phrasebook Sketch. Monty Pythons Flying Circus, Dec. 15, 1970Our task must be to free ourselves by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature and its beauty.(Albert EinsteinAll happy families resemble one another, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina Possessive Adjective or Determiner? The title   possessive adjective is actually more often used than possessive determiner but the latter is a more accurate description. Admittedly, in his car, the word his goes before the noun car and to that extent behaves as an adjective, but in *the his car (compare the old car) it shows itself not to be an adjective; it certainly doesnt describe the car itself. (Tony Penston, A Concise Grammar for English Language Teachers. TP Publications, 2005) Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Determiners Most  possessive determiners are  similar to their corresponding possessive pronouns: her is a possessive determiner, while hers is a possessive pronoun. The possessive determiners his and its are identical to their corresponding possessive pronouns. The function in the sentence determines the part of speech. In The red Toyota is his car, his is a determiner because its introducing the noun phrase car. In The red Toyota is his, his is a pronoun because its functioning as a noun phrase. In The company made this pen, this is a determiner. In The company made this, its a pronoun because it stands in place of a noun phrase.   (June Casagrande,  It Was the Best of Sentences, It Was the Worst of Sentences. Ten Speed Press, 2010) [The] construction with the possessive pronoun [e.g. a friend of mine] differs from the alternative of possessive determiner noun (e.g. my friend) mainly in that it is more indefinite. The sentences in (30) below illustrates this point: (30) a. You know John? A friend of his told me that the food served at that restaurant is awful.(30) b. You know John? His friend told me that the food served at that restaurant is awful. The construction with the possessive pronoun, in (30a), can be used if the speaker hasnt specified and doesnt need to specify the identity of the friend. In contrast, the construction with the possessive determiner, in (30b), implies that the speaker and listener both know what friend is intended. (Ron Cowan, The Teachers Grammar of English: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press, 2008)

Summary Fairy Tales And Multicultural Literature

Module 3 – Fairy Tales and Multicultural Literature 21. Southey, Robert. Goldilocks and the Three Bears. London, England: Longman, Rees, 1837. Print. This cute story is a family of bears who live in the forest. Each bear has their own bowl, chair and bed. While walking outside as their porridge cools, a young girl, Goldilocks, comes upon the cottage and walks in and makes herself comfortable. As the bears return, they find that someone ate their porridge, sat in their chairs and found Goldilocks sleeping in the small bed. This story is for ages 3-6 and is loved by all children at bedtime. 22. Gillen, Lynea. Good People Everywhere. Portland, Oregon: Three Pebble Press, LLC. 2012. Print. This book is a heartwarming story for children and†¦show more content†¦There are several examples that are recognizable while others are in the Chinese American heritage of real things in the country. Each page offers rhyming with the objects giving readers an insight of finding other items that have the same shape. This book is for ages 3-5. 26. Schmidt, Karen. The Gingerbread Man. New York City, New York: Scholastic Inc. Publishing Co. 1985. Print. This fun tale is still a favorite and has engaged children throughout the past years. The repetition and remembering are part of this story. The favorite line in the story is â€Å"You can’t catch me, I’m the gingerbread man,† has the children repeating on each page. The gingerbread outwits many characters in the story until he reaches the fox and then he is tricked. This book for ages 4-8 and a fun way to bake a real gingerbread cookie and decorate using several decorations. 27. Galdone, Paul. The Little Red Hen. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 1985. Print. This story is about a little red hen who want to make bread, so she asks the cat, dog and other animals to help plant, cut, and harvest wheat and all the animals say â€Å"No, not I† so the little red hen does all the work herself including baking the bread. When it comes time to eat the bread, all the animals now volunteer to taste it, but the hen does not share and explains why. This story is a good message for children for helping each other. This story is for ages 4-8. 28. Anderson, HansShow MoreRelatedChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pages6 The Renaissance: 1500-1650 7 The Rise of Puritanism and John Locke: Late 1600s 8 3. Beginning of Children’s Literature: Late 1700s 10 4. Fairy and Folk Tales 12 The Golden Age of Children’s Literature: Late 1800s 12 5. Victorian Childrens Literature 16 6. Contemporary Childrens Literature 18 6. Analysis of Harry Potters’ series 21 7. Conclusion 30 8. Summary 31 Children’s Literature Definitions 31 The Ancient World [ancient Rome; 50 BCE to 500 CE] 31 The Middle Ages [500 to 1500 CE] 31 The EuropeanRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesBookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.  ©1998-2002;  ©2002 by Gale. Gale

Engineering Economics Free Essays

Eng ineeri ng Economy Third Edition Leland T. Blank, P. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Engineering Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Department of Industrial Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering Texas A M University Anthony J. Tarquin, P. E. Department of Civil Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering The University of Texas at EI Paso McGraw-Hill Book Company New York S1. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Colorado Springs Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Oklahoma City Panama Paris San Juan Silo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 4 Level One 1. Define and recognize in a problem statement the economy symbols P, F, A, n, and i. 1. 6 Define cash flow, state what is meant by end-of-period convention, and construct a cash-flow diagram, given a statement describing the amount and times of the cash flows. Study Guide 1. 1 Basic Terminology Before we begin to develop the terminology and fundamental concepts upon which engineering economy is based, it would be appropriate to define what is meant by engineering economy. In the simplest terms, engineering economy is a collectio n of mathematical techniques which simplify economic comparisons. With these techniques, a rational, meaningful approach to evaluating the economic aspects of different methods of accomplishing a given objective can be developed. Engineering economy is, therefore, a decision assistance tool by which one method will be chosen as the most economical one. In order for you to be able to apply the techniques, however, it is necessary for you to understand the basic terminology and fundamental concepts that form the foundation for engineering-economy studies. Some of these terms and concepts are described below. An alternative is a stand-alone solution for a give situation. We are faced with alternatives in virtually everything we do, from selecting the method of transportation we use to get to work every day to deciding between buying a house or renting one. Similarly, in engineering practice, there are always seveffl ways of accomplishing a given task, and it is necessary to be able to compare them in a rational manner so that the most economical alternative can be selected. The alternatives in engineering considerations usually involve such items as purchase cost (first cost), the anticipated life of the asset, the yearly costs of maintaining the asset (annual maintenance and operating cost), the anticipated resale value (salvage value), and the interest rate (rate of return). After the facts and all the relevant estimates have been collected, an engineering-economy analysis can be conducted to determine which is best from an economic point of view. However, it should be pointed out that the procedures developed in this book will enable you to make accurate economic decisions only about those alternatives which have been recognized as alternatives; these procedures will not help you identify what the alternatives are. That is, if alternatives ,4, B, C, D, and E have been identified as the only possible methods to solve a Particular problem when method F, which was never recognized as an alternative, is really the most attractive method, the wrong decision is certain to be made because alternative F could never be chosen, no matter what analytical techniques are used. Thus, the importance of alternative identification in the decision-making process cannot be overemphasized, because it is only when this aspect of the process has been thoroughly completed that the analysis techniques presented in this book can be of greatest value. In order to be able to compare different methods for accomplishing a given objective, it is necessary to have an evaluation criterion that can be used as a basis Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 5 for judging the alternatives. That is, the evaluation criterion is that which is used to answer the question â€Å"How will I know which one is best? Whether we are aware of it or not, this question is asked of us many times each day. For example, when we drive to work, we subconsciously think that we are taking the â€Å"best† route. But how did we define best? Was the best route the safest, shortest, fastest, cheapest, most scenic, or what? Obviously, depending upon which criterion is used to identify the best, a dif ferent route might be selected each time! (Many arguments could have been avoided if the decision makers had simply stated the criteria they were using in determining the best). In economic analysis, dollars are generally used as the basis for comparison. Thus, when there are several ways of accomplishing a given objective, the method that has the lowest overall cost is usually selected. However, in most cases the alternatives involve intangible factors, such as the effect of a process change on employee morale, which cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars. When the alternatives available have approximately the same equivalent cost, the nonquantifiable, or intangible, factors may be used as the basis for selecting the best alternative, For items of an alternative which can be quantified in terms of dollars, it is important to recognize the concept of the time value of money. It is often said that money makes money. The statement is indeed true, for if we elect to invest money today (for example, in a bank or savings and loan association), by tomorrow we will have accumulated more money than we had originally invested. This change in the amount of money over a given time period is called the time value of money; it is the most important concept in engineering economy. You should also realize that if a person or company finds it necessary to borrow money today, by tomorrow more money than the original loan will be owed. This fact is also explained by the time value of money. The manifestation of the time value of money is termed interest, which is a measure of the increase between the original sum borrowed or invested and the final amount owed or accrued. Thus, if you invested money at some time in the past, the interest would be Interest = total amount accumulated – original investment (1. 1) On the other hand, if you borrowed would be Interest money at some time in the past, the interest (1. 2) = present amount owed – original loan In either case, there is an increase in the amount of money that was originally invested or borrowed, and the increase over the original amount is the interest. The original investment or loan is referred to as principal. Probs. 1. 1 to 1. 4 1. 2 Interest Calculations When interest is expressed as a percentage of the original amount per unit time, the result is an interest rate. This rate is calculated as follows: . Percent interest rate = interest accrued per unit time 00% .. I x 1 0 origma amount (1. 3) 6 Level One By far the most common time period used for expressing interest rates is 1 year. However, since interest rates are often expressed over periods of time shorter than 1 year (i. e. 1% per month), the time unit used in expressing an interest rate must also be identified and is termed an interest period. The following two examples illustrate the computation of interest rate. Example 1. 1 The Get-Rich-Quick (GRQ) Company invested $100,000 on May 1 and withdrew a total of $106,000 exactly one year later. Compute (a) the interest gained from the original investment and (b) the interest rate from the investment. Solution (a) Using Eq. ( 1. 1), Interest = 106,000 – 100,000 = $6000 (b) Equation (1. 3) is used to obtain Percent interest rate = 6000 per year 100,000 x 100% = 6% per year Comment For borrowed money, computations are similar to those shown above except that interest is computed by Eq. (1. 2). For example, if GRQ borrowed $100,000 now and repaid $110,000 in 1 year, using Eq. (1. 2) we find that interest is $10,000, and the interest rate from Eq. (1. 3) is 10% per year. Example 1. 2 Joe Bilder plans to borrow $20,000 for 1 year at 15% interest. Compute (a) the interest and (b) the total amount due after 1 year. Solution (a) Equation (1. 3) may be solved for the interest accrued to obtain Interest = 20,000(0. 15) = $3000 (b) Total amount due is the sum of principal and interest or Total due Comment = 0,000 + 3000 = $23,000 Note that in part (b) above, the total amount due may also be computed as Total due = principal(l + interest rate) = 20,000(1. 15) = $23,000 In each example the interest period was 1 year and the interest was calculated at the end of one period. When more than one yearly interest period is involved (for example, if we had wanted to know the amount of interest Joe Bilder would owe on Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 7 the above loan after 3 years), it becomes necessary to determine whether the interest . payable on a simple or compound basis. The concepts of simple and compound interest are discussed in Sec. . 4. Additional Examples 1. 12 and 1. 13 Probs. 1. 5 to 1. 7 1. 3 Equivalence The time value of money and interest rate utilized together generate the concept of equivalence, which means that different sums of money at different times can be equal in economic value. For example, if the interest rate is 12% per year, $100 today (i. e. , at present) would be equivalent to $112 one year from today, since mount accrued = 100 =$112 Thus, if someone offered you a gift of $100 today or $112 one year from today, it would make no difference which offer you accepted, since in either case you would have $112 one year from today. The two sums of money are therefore equivalent to each other when the interest rate is 12% per year. At either a higher or a lower interest rate, however, $100 today is not equivalent to $112 one year from today. In addition to considering future equivalence, one can apply the same concepts for determining equivalence in previous years. Thus, $100 now would be equivalent to 100/1. 12 = $89. 29 one year ago if the interest rate is 12% per year. From these examples, it should be clear that $89. 29 last year, $100 now, and 112 one year from now are equivalent when the interest rate is 12% per year. The fact that these sums are equivalent can be established by computing the interest rate as follows: 112 100 = 1. 12, or 12% per year and 8~~~9 = 1. 12, or 12% per year The concept of equivalence can be further illustrated by considering different loan-repayment schemes. Each scheme represents repayment of a $5000 loan in 5 years at 15%-per-year interest. Table 1. 1 presents the details for the four repayment methods described below. (The methods for determining the amount of the payments are presented in Chaps. 2 and 3. ) †¢ Plan 1 a interest or principal is recovered until the fifth year. Interest accumulates each year on the total of principal and all accumulated interest. †¢ Plan 2 The accrued interest is paid each year and the principal is recovered at the end of 5 years. †¢ Plan 3 The accrued interest and 20% of the principal, that is, $1000, is paid each year. Since the remaining loan balance decreases each year, the accrued interest decreases each year. + 100(0. 12) = 100(1 + 0. 12) = 100(1. 12) 8 Level One Table 1. 1 Different repayment schedules of $5,000 at 15% for 5 years (1) End of year (2) = 0. 15(5) Interest for year (3) = (2) + (5) Total owed at end of year (4) Payment per plan (3) – (4) Balance after payment (5) Plan 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 $ 750. 00 862. 50 991. 88 1,140. 66 1,311. 76 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 10,056. 80 0 0 0 0 10,056. 80 $10,056. 80 $ $5,000. 00 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 0 $750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 $5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 $ 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 5,750. 00 $8,750. 00 $5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 0 $750. 00 600. 00 450. 00 300. 00 150. 00 $5,750. 00 4,600. 00 3,450. 00 2,300. 00 1,150. 00 $1,750. 00 1,600. 00 1,450. 0 1,300. 00 1,150. 00 $7,250. 00 5,000. 00 4,000. 00 3,000. 00 2,000. 00 1,000. 00 0 $750. 00 638. 76 510. 84 363. 73 194. 57 $5,750. 00 4,897. 18 3,916. 44 2,788. 59 1,491. 58 $1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 $7,457. 90 $5,000. 00 4,258. 42 3,405. 60 2,424. 86 1,297. 01 0 †¢ Plan 4 Equal payments are made each year with a portion going toward princi- pal recovery and the remainder covering the accrued interest. Since the loan balance decreases at a rate which is slower than in plan 3 because of the equal end-of-year payments, the interest decreases, but at a rate slower than in plan 3. te that the total amount repaid in each case would be different, even though each repayment scheme would require exactly 5 years to repay the loan. The difference in the total amounts repaid can of course be explained by the time value of money, since the amount of the payments is different for each plan. With respect to equivalence, the table shows that when the interest rate is 15% per year, $5000 at time 0 is equivalent to $10,056. 80 at the end of year 5 (plan 1), or $750 per year for 4 years and $5750 at the end of year 5 (plan 2), or the decreasing amounts shown in years 1 through 5 (plan 3), or $1,491. 8 per year for 5 years (plan 4). Using the formulas developed in Chaps. 2 and 3, we could easily show that if the payments in Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 9 each plan (column 4) were reinvested at 15% per year when received, the total amount of money available at the end of year 5 would be $10,056. 80 from each repayment plan. Additional Examples 1. 14 and 1. 15 Probs. 1. 8 and 1. 9 1. 4 Simple and Compound Interest The concepts of interest and interest rate were introduced in Sees. 1. 1 and 1. 2 and ed in Sec. 1. 3 to calculate for one interest period past and future sums of money equivalent to a present sum (principal). When more than one interest period is involved, the terms simple and compound interest must be considered. Simple interest is calculated using the principal only, ignoring any interest that was accrued in preceding interest periods. The total interest can be computed using the relation Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate) = Pni (1. 4) Example 1. 3 If you borrow $1000 for 3 years at 14%-per-year simple interest, how much money will you owe at the end of 3 years? Solution The interest for each of the 3 years is = Interest per year 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total interest for 3 years from Eq. (1. 4) is Total interest = 1000(3)(0. 4)= $420 Finally, the amount due after 3 years is 1000 + 420 Comment = $1420 The $140 interest accrued in the first year and the $140 accrued in the second year did not earn interest. The interest due was calculated on the principal only. The results of this loan are tabulated in Table 1. 2. The end-of-year figure of zero represents th~ present, th at is, when the money is borrowed. Note that no payment is made by the borrower until the end of year 3. Thus, the amount owed each year increases uniformly by $140, since interest is figured only on the principal of $1000. Table 1. 2 Simple-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) (2) + (3) Amount owed (5) End of year 0 1 2 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount paid 3 $140 140 140 $1,140 1,280 1,420 $ 0 0 1,420 10 Level One In calculations of compound interest, the interest for an interest period is calculated on the principal plus the total amount of interest accumulated in previous periods. Thus, compound interest means â€Å"interest on top of interest† (i. e. , it reflects the effect of the time value of money on the interest too). Example 1. 4 If you borrow $1000 at 14%-per-year compound interest, instead of simple interest as in the preceding example, compute the total amount due after a 3-year period. Solution The interest and total amount due for each year is computed as follows: Interest, year 1 = 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total amount due after year 1 = 1000 + 140 = $1140 Interest, year 2 = 1140(0. 14) = $159. 60 Total amount due after year 2 = 1140 + 159. 60 = $1299. 60 Interest, year 3 = 1299. 60(0. 14)= $181. 94 Total amount due after year 3 = 1299. 60 + 181. 94 = $1481. 54 Comment The details are shown in Table 1. 3. The repayment scheme is the same as that for the simple-interest example; that is, no amount is repaid until the principal plus all interest is due at the end of year 3. The time value of money is especially recognized in compound interest. Thus, with compound interest, the original $1000 would accumulate an extra $1481. 54 – $1420 = $61. 54 compared with simple interest in the 3-year period. If $61. 54 does not seem like a significant difference, remember that the beginning amount here was only $1000. Make these same calculations for an initial amount of $10 million, and then look at the size of the difference! The power of compounding can further be illustrated through another interesting exercise called â€Å"Pay Now, Play Later†. It can be shown (by using the equations that will be developed in Chap. ) that at an interest rate of 12% per year, approximately $1,000,000 will be accumulated at the end of a 40-year time period by either of the Table 1. 3 Compound-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year 0 1 2 3 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount owed $1,140. 00 1,299. 60 1,481. 54 Amount paid $140. 00 159. 60 181. 94 $ 0 0 1,481. 54 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 11 – llowing investment schemes: †¢ Plan 1 Invest $2610 each year for the first 6 years and then nothing for the next 34 years, or †¢ Plan 2 Invest nothing for the first 6 years, and then $2600 each year for the next 34 years!! ‘ote that the total investment in plan 1 is $15,660 while the total required in plan _ to accumulate the same amount of money is nearly six times greater at $88,400. Both the power of compounding and the wisdom of planning for your retirement at he earliest possible time should be quite evident from this example. An interesting observation pertaining to compound-interest calculations in-olves the estimation of the length of time required for a single initial investment to double in value. The so-called rule of 72 can be used to estimate this time. The rule i based on the fact that the time required for an initial lump-sum investment to double in value when interest is compounded is approximately equal to 72 divided by the interest rate that applies. For example, at an interest rate of 5% per year, it would take approximately 14. 4 years (i. e. , 72/5 = 14. 4) for an initial sum of money to double in value. (The actual time required is 14. 3 years, as will be shown in Chap. 2. ) In Table 1. 4, the times estimated from the rule of 72 are compared to the actual times required for doubling at various interest rates and, as you can see, very good estimates are obtained. Conversely, the interest rate that would be required in order for money to double in a specified period of time could be estimated by dividing 72 by the specified time period. Thus, in order for money to double in a time period of 12 years, an interest rate of approximately 6% per year would be required (i. e. , 72/12 = 6). It should be obvious that for simple-interest situations, the â€Å"rule of 100† would apply, except that the answers obtained will always be exact. In Chap. 2, formulas are developed which simplify compound-interest calculations. The same concepts are involved when the interest period is less than a year. A discussion of this case is deferred until Chap. 3, however. Since real-world calculations almost always involve compound interest, the interest rates specified herein refer to compound interest rates unless specified otherwise. Additional Example 1. 16 Probs. 1. 10 to 1. 26 Table 1. 4 Doubling time estimated actual time from rule of 72 versus Doubling lime, no. of periods Interest rate, % per period 1 Estimated from rule 72 Actual 70 35. 3 14. 3 7. 5 2 5 10 20 40 36 14. 4 7. 2 3. 6 1. 8 3. 9 2. 0 12 Level One 1. 5 Symbols and Their Meaning The mathematical symbols: relations sed in engmeenng economy employ the following P = value or sum of money at a time denoted as the present; dollars, pesos, etc. F A n i = value or sum of money at some future time; dollars, pesos, etc. = a series of consecutive, equal, end-of-period month, dollars per year, etc. amounts of money; dollars per = number of interest periods; months, years, etc. = interest rate per interest period; percent per month, percent per year, etc. The symbols P and F represent single-time occurrence values: A occurs at each interest period for a specified number of periods with the same value. It should be understood that a present sum P represents a single sum of money at some time prior to a future sum or uniform series amount and therefore does not necessarily have to be located at time t = O. Example 1. 11 shows a P value at a time other than t = O. The units of the symbols aid in clarifying their meaning. The present sum P and future sum F are expressed in dollars; A is referred to in dollars per interest period. It is important to note here that in order for a series to be represented by the symbol A, it must be uniform (i. e. the dollar value must be the same for each period) and the uniform dollar amounts must extend through consecutive interest periods. Both conditions must exist before the dollar value can be represented by A. Since n is commonly expressed in years or months, A is usually expressed in units of dollars per year or dollars per month, respectively. The compound-interest rate i is expressed in percent per interest period, for example, 5% per year. Ex cept where noted otherwise, this rate applies throughout the entire n years or n interest periods. The i value is often the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). All engineering-economy problems must involve at least four of the symbols listed above, with at least three of the values known. The following four examples illustrate the use of the symbols. Example 1. 5. If you borrow $2000 now and must repay the loan plus interest at a rate of 12% per year in 5 years, what is the total amount you must pay? List the values of P, F, n, and i. Solution In this situation P and F, but not A, are involved, since all transactions are single payments. The values are as follows: P = $2000 Example 1. 6 i = 12% per year n = 5 years If you borrow $2000 now at 17% per year for 5 years and must repay the loan in equal yearly payments, what will you be required to pay? Determine the value of the symbols involved. Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 13 ~- ution = S2000 = ? per year for 5 years = 17% per year = 5 years – ere is no F value involved. – 1 In both examples, the P value of $2000 is a receipt and F or A is a disbursement. equally correct to use these symbols in reverse roles, as in the examples below. Example 1. 7 T you deposit $500 into an account on May 1, 1988, which pays interest at 17% per year, hat annual amount can you withdraw for the following 10 years? List the symbol values. Solution p = $500 A =? per year i = 17% per year n= 10 years Comment The value for the $500 disbursement P and receipt A are given the same symbol names as before, but they are considered in a different context. Thus, a P value may be a receipt (Examples 1. 5 and 1. 6) or a disbursement (this example). Example 1. 8 If you deposit $100 into an account each year for 7 years at an interest rate of 16% per year, what single amount will you be able to withdraw after 7 years? Define the symbols and their roles. Solution In this example, the equal annual deposits are in a series A and the withdrawal is a future sum, or F value. There is no P value here. A = $100 per year for 7 years F =? i = 16% per year n = 7 years Additional Example 1. 17 Probs. 1. 27 to 1. 29 14 Level One 1. 6 Cash-Flow Diagrams Every person or company has cash receipts (income) and cash disbursements (costs) which occur over a particular time span. These receipts and disbursements in a given time interval are referred to as cash flow, with positive cash flows usually representing receipts and negative cash flows representing disbursements. At any point in time, the net cash flow would be represented as Net cash flow = receipts – disbursements (1. 5) Since cash flow normally takes place at frequent and varying time intervals within an interest period, a simplifying assumption is made that all cash flow occurs at the end of the interest period. This is known as the end-of-period convention. Thus, when several receipts and disbursements occur within a given interest period, the net cash flow is assumed to occur at the end of the interest period. However, it should be understood that although the dollar amounts of F or A are always considered to occur at the end of the interest period, this does not mean that the end of the period is December 31. In the situation of Example 1. 7, since investment took place on May 1, 1988, the withdrawals will take place on May 1, 1989 and each succeeding May 1 for 10 years (the last withdrawal will be on May 1, 1998, not 1999). Thus, end of the period means one time period from the date of the transaction (whether it be receipt or disbursement). In the next chapter you will learn how to determine the equivalent relations between P, F, and A values at different times. A cash-flow diagram is simply a graphical representation of cash flows drawn on a time scale. The diagram should represent the statement of the problem and should include what is given and what is to be found. That is, after the cash-flow diagram has been drawn, an outside observer should be able to work the problem by looking at only the diagram. Time is considered to be the present and time 1 is the end of time period 1. (We will assume that the periods are in years until Chap. . ) The time scale of Fig. 1. 1 is set up for 5 years. Since it is assumed that cash flows occur only at the end of the year, we will be concerned only with the times marked 0, 1, 2, †¦ , 5. The direction of the arrows on the cash-flow diagram is important to problem solution. Therefore, in this text, a vertical arrow pointing up will indicate a positive cash flow. Conversely, an a rrow pointing down will indicate a negative cash flow. The cash-flow diagram in Fig. 1. 2 illustrates a receipt (income) at the end of year 1 and a disbursement at the end of year 2. It is important that you thoroughly understand the meaning and construction of the cash-flow diagram, since it is a valuable tool in problem solution. The three examples below illustrate the construction of cash-flow diagrams.  ° Figure 1. 1 A typical cash-flow time scale. Year 1 Year 5 r=;:;; r+;:;. I 1 2 Time o I I 3 4 I 5 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 15 + Figure 1. 2 Example of positive and negative cash flows. 2 3 Time Example 1. 9 Consider the situation presented in Example 1. 5, where P = $2000 is borrowed and F is to be found after 5 years. Construct the cash-flow diagram for this case, assuming an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Figure 1. 3 presents the cash-flow diagram. Comment While it is not necessary to use an exact scale on the cash-flow axes, you will probably avoid errors later on if you make a neat diagram. Note also that the present sum P is a receipt at year 0 and the future sum F is a disbursement at the end of year 5. Example 1. 10 If you start now and make five deposits of $1000 per year (A) in a 17%-per-year account, how much money will be accumulated (and can be withdrawn) immediately after you have made the last deposit? Construct the cash-flow diagram. Solution The cash flows are shown in Fig. 1. 4. Since you have decided to start now, the first deposit is at year 0 and the [lith Comment deposit and withdrawal occur at the end of year 4. Note that in this example, the amount accumulated after the fifth deposit is to be computed; thus, the future amount is represented by a question mark (i. e. , F = ? ) Figure 1. 3. Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 9. + P = $2. 000 i = 12% o 2 3 4 5 Year F= ? 16 Figure 1. 4 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 10. Level One F= ? i = 17†³10 2 0 3 4 Year A=$1. 000 Example 1. 11 Assume that you want to deposit an amount P into an account 2 years from now in order to be able to withdraw $400 per year for 5 years starting 3 years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 151% per year. Construct the cash-flow diagram. Figure 1. 5 presents the cash flows, where P is to be found. Note that the diagram shows what was given and what is to be found and that a P value is not necessarily located at time t = O. Solution Additional Examples 1. 18 to 1. 20 Probs. 1. 30 to 1. 46 Additional Examples Example 1. 12 Calculate the interest and total amount accrued after 1 year if $2000 is invested at an interest rate of 15% per year. Solution Interest earned = 2000(0. 15) = $300 Total amount accrued = 2000 + 2000(0. 15) = 2000(1 + 0. 15) = $2300 Figure 1. 5 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 11. A = $400 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year p=? Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 17 Example 1. 13 a) Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for you to have $lOQO now at an interest rate of 5% per year. b) Calculate the interest that was earned in the same time period. Solution a) Total amount accrued = original deposit + (original deposit)(interest rate). If X = original deposit, then 1000 = X + X(0. 5) = X(l + 0. 05) 1000 = 1. 05X 1000 X=-=952. 38 1. 05 Original deposit = $952. 38 (b) By using Eq. (1. 1), we have Interest = 1000 – 952. 38 = $47. 62 Example 1. 14 Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for the investment to earn $100 in interest in 1 year, if the interest rate is 6% Per year. Solution Let a = a = = total amount accrued and b = original deposit. Interest Since a Interest Interest b b + b (interest rate), interest can be expressed as + b (interest rate) b =b = b (interest rate) $100 = b(0. 06) b = 100 = $1666. 67 0. 06 Example 1. 5 Make the calculations necessary to show which of the statements below are true and which are false, if the interest rate is 5% per year: (a) $98 now is equivalent to $105. 60 one year from now. (b) $200 one year past is equivalent to $205 now. (c) $3000 now is equivalent to $3150 one year from now. (d) $3000 now is equivalent to $2887. 14 one year ago. (e) Interest accumulated in 1 year on an investment of $2000 is $100. Solution (a) Total amount accrued = 98(1. 05) = $102. 90 =P $105. 60; therefore false. Another way to solve this is as follows: Required investment = 105. 60/1. 05 = $100. 57 =P $9? Therefore false. b) Required investment = 205. 00/1. 05 = $195. 24 =p $200; therefore false. 18 Level One (e) Total amount accrued = 3000(1. 05) = $3150; therefore true. (d) Total amount accrued = 2887. 14(1. 05) = $3031. 50 â€Å"# $3000; therefore false. (e) Interest = 2000(0. 05) = $100; therefore true. Example 1. 16 Calculate the total amount due after 2 years if $2500 is borrowed now and the compoundinterest rate is 8% per year. Solution The results are presented in the table to obtain a total amount due of $2916. (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year Amount borrowed $2,500 Interest Amount owed Amount paid o 1 2 Example 1. 17 $200 216 2,700 2,916 $0 2,916 Assume that 6% per year, starting next withdrawing Solution P = you plan to make a lump-sum deposit of $5000 now into an account that pays and you plan to withdraw an equal end-of-year amount of $1000 for 5 years year. At the end of the sixth year, you plan to close your account by the remaining money. Define the engineering-economy symbols involved. $5000 A = $1000 per year for 5 years F = ? at end of year 6 i = 6% per year n = 5 years for A Figure 1. 6 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 18. $650 $625 $600 $575 $ 550 $525 $500 $625 t -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 t o Year P = $2,500 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 19 Example 1. 1B The Hot-Air Company invested $2500 in a new air compressor 7 years ago. Annual income â€Å"-om the compressor was $750. During the first year, $100 was spent on maintenance, _ cost that increased each year by $25. The company plans to sell the compressor for salvage at the end of next year for $150. Construct the cash-flow diagram for the piece f equipment. The income and cost for years – 7 through 1 (next year) are tabulated low with net cash flow computed using Eq. (1. 5). The cash flows are diagrammed . Fig. 1. 6. Solution End of year Net cash flow Income Cost -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 Example 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 + 150 $2,500 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 $-2,500 650 625 600 575 550 525 500 625 1. 19 Suppose that you want to make a deposit into your account now such that you can withdraw an equal annual amount of Ai = $200 per year for the first 5 years starting 1 year after your deposit and a different annual amount of A2 = $300 p er year for the following 3 years. How would the cash-flow diagram appear if i is 14! % per year? Solution The cash flows would appear as shown in Fig. 1. 7. Comment The first withdrawal (positive cash flow) occurs at the end of year 1, exactly one year after P is deposited. Figure 1. 7 Cash-flow diagram for two different A values, Example 1. 19. A2 = $300 A, = $200 0 1 2 3 4 i = 14+% 5 6 7 8 Year p=? 20 Level One p=? j = 12% per year Figure 1. 8 Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 20. F2 1996 1995 A = $50 A = $150 = $50 F, = $900 Example 1. 20 If you buy a new television set in 1996 for $900,. maintain it for 3 years at a cost of $50 per year, and then sell it for $200, diagram your cash flows and label each arrow as P, F, or A with its respective dollar value so that you can find the single amount in 1995 that would be equivalent to all of the cash flows shown. Assume an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Comment Figure 1. 8 presents the cash-flow diagram. The two $50 negative cash flows form a series of two equal end-of-year values. As long as the dollar values are equal and in two or more consecutive periods, they can be represented by A, regardless of where they begin or end. However, the $150 positive cash flow in 1999 is a single-occurrence value in the future and is therefore labeled an F value. It is possible, however, to view all of the individual cash flows as F values. The diagram could be drawn as shown in Fig. . 9. In general, however, if two or more equal end-of-period amounts occur consecutively, by the definition in Sec. 105 they should be labeled A values because, as is described in Chap. 2, the use of A values when possible simplifies calculations considerably. Thus, the interpretation pictured by the diagram of Fig. 1. 9 is discouraged and will not generally be used further in this text. p=? j = 12% per year F. = $150 1. 9 A cash flow for Example 1. 20 considering all values as future sums. Figure 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 F2 = $50 F3 = $50 F, = $900 How to cite Engineering Economics, Papers

Financial Ratio Analysis of Wilmar International Ltd. Free Solution

Brief About Wilmer International Limited The company was incorporated in 1991. It is recognized as Asias topaqribusiness group. The company has very huge capitalization value on Singapore stock exchange; in 2010 it was at number two in capitalization value on Singapore stock exchange. It is basically holding company of 400 and more subsidiaries company The company is dealing in various industry like Edible oil, Grain processing and many more. Company has large amount of plants all over the world. The company is also recognized as one of least environment friendly company. In 2012, Wilmar was named the world's least environmentally friendly company by US news magazine Newsweek.Due to their poor environmental performance they were excluded in 2013 from The Government Pension Fund of Norway, the largest stock owner in Europe. Statement Showing Percentage movement the following various factors based on Annual report of 2012 and 2013 of Wilmar international Limited Particulars 2013(US$'000) 2012(US$'000) % IMPROVEMENT REVENUE 44,085,001.00 45,463,414.00 -3.03 OPERATING PROFIT/LOSS 1,763,169.00 1,768,027.00 -0.27 TOTAL CAPITAL EMPLOYED 23,440,378.00 20,506,851.00 14.31 TOTAL ASSETS 46,631,795.00 41,920,134.00 11.24 NET CASH GENERATED USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1,613,608.00 1,067,725.00 51.13 EARNINGS PER SHARE US$ 20.6 US$ 19.6 5.10 TOTAL DIVIDEND PAID PER ORDINARY SHARE US$ 8 US$ 5 60.00 YEAR END SHARE PRICE US$ 3.42 US$ 3.34 2.40 YEAR END MARKET CAPITALIZATION RATE 67,514,466.02 67,368,724.49 0.22 YEAR END SHARE PRICE I GOT FROM A WEBSITE WHICH HAS BEEN MENTIONED IN THE WORD FILE DIVIDE THE PROFIT AFTER TAX BY EPS TO FIND OUT NUMBER OF SHARES MULTIPLY THE SAME WITH MPSALL OTHER DATA HAS BEEN DIRECTLY INSERTED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT FINANCIAL RATIOS We have compared ratios of WILMAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED with OLAM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED. We have analyzed the same for 2012 and 2013 which are as follow: Indicator/ Comparison 2013 2012 UNIT GROSS PROFIT RATIO GP OF WILMAR 8.44 8.55 % GP OF OLAM 18.02 11.19 NET PROFIT RATIO NP OF WILMAR 3.15 2.90 % NP OF OLAM 1.88 2.36 CURRENT RATIO CR OF WILMAR 1.20 1.11 TIMES CR OF OLAM 1.82 1.63 OPERATING PROFIT RATIO OPR OF WILMAR 3.78 3.62 % OPR OF OLAM 0.04 0.04 GEARING RATIO GR OF WILMAR 1.93 1.81 TIMES GR OF OLAM 0.83 0.85 EPS OF WILMAR P/E RATIO OF OLAMMPS US$ 19.6 9.5 TIMESUS$ 2.06 CALCULATION OF MPS OF WILMAR BASED ON OLAM'S P/E RATIO PRICE REARNIG RATIO Basically P/E ratio states market Price per share to Earnings per share. Here we compare market price of a share with the earnings that a business generates per share. This ratio is helpful when we compare two firms. On standalone basis this ratio has very restricted use. Further the comparison should be done of those companies which exist in the same industry. It is many a time referred as multiple, the reason being it shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar. This ratio is highly dependent on capital structure. Because debt in capital employed affects both earnings and share prices in many ways. Higher the debt, lower the earnings per share. Wilmars P/E ratio is 14.3 times which means that the purchaser of the stock of Wilmar is paying $14.3 for every dollar of earnings. Whereas P/E ratio of Olam is 9.50. Both the above companies are from the same industry. Willmar has a higher forecast earning growth as compared to Olam. When we use the P/E ratio of Olam for Wilmar the Market Price of Wilmar reduces to us$ 2.06. As on 4 August 2014 EPS of WILMAR INTERNATIONAL WAS 0.2258, So if we apply OLAMs P?E ratio which is 9.5 than share price would be 2.1451 (9.5*.2258) Press released based Movement graph Reason behind fall in share prices of Wilmar International Limited The company posted weak earnings and further the Singapore earnings were flat in the absence of any major market catalyst. Wilmars first quarter net profit fell by 49% due to losses in sugar business, lower palm refining margins and negative soybean margins in China. The shares are trading low since Feb 6. Analysis of ratios and relavent percentage movement for Investment advise 1.Gross Profit Ratio It is a tool that measures a companys financial health by deducting the cost of goods sold from the revenue. It is a source from which additional expenses are made. It reflects the extent of efficiently a business is utilizing of its material and labors in business. It also gives an indication of the pricing policy, costing structure and all other production efficiency of a business. The more the percentage the more the business retains money for operating expenses. Gross profit ratio of Wilmar International Ltd is approximately 8.45% for the year 2013 as compared to the year 2012 which was 8.56 %. The basic reason behind fall in revenue was that the palm prices were significantly low which has been the cause of fall in revenue by 3% approx. By mid 2014 the company will be supplying palm oil to neighboring countries. While we compare the results of Wilmar with Olam Ltd which an agro based company we find that the gross profit has increased for Olam from 11.19% for the year 2012 to 18 % for the year 2013. Olam has shown 21% rise in its revenue which could because it has powerful supply CHAIN 2. Net Profit Ratio It is basically a ratio that measures how much part or portion of every dollar a company actually keeps in earnings. It is very useful while we compare two companies in similar industries. Higher percentage of this ratio indicates that company has a better control over its cost as compared to competitors. Shareholders have a close watch over this ratio. Changes in this ratio is endlessly scrutinized. Wilmar International Limiteds Net profit has shown an increase of 70.371 million US$ which is 25% approx more than for the financial year 2012. During 2012 companys ratio was2.9% which has risen to 3.15%. Though there was a fall in gross profit ratio but the company was able to increase its net profit. In April it extended the collaboration with Tereos Group to include corn and potatoes. It expanded its value chain to Sri Lanka and by November formed a 50:50 JV with Kemira and expanded the value chain in China. The company strengthened its control over it cost. As seen from the financial statements that there is a fall in Selling Distribution expense, finance cost and COGS which led a higher % of Net profit ratio for the year 2013. When we look over to Olam, there is a fall in its Net Profit Ratio from 2.4% for the financial year 2012 to 1.8% for the financial year 2013even though the sales has risen by 21%. 3. Current ratio Basically it is a ratio that measures a companys liquidity i.e. its ability to pay short term o bligation when they arise. It is the most widely used test of liquidity of a business. It is the ratio of Current Assets of a business to its Current Liabilities. Current Assets are those which are converted into cash within 12months or within the normal operating cycle where as Current liabilities are the obligations of a business that have to be paid within 12months. An idle Current Ratio is 2:1 which means Current Liabilities are half of Current Assets. Creditors prefer granting credit to those companies which have a higher Current Ratio. Wilmars Current Ratio has shown an increase from 1.11times to 1.2times. More the Current ratio less the number of liquidity crisis. When we look to Olam, its Current Ratio has fallen from 1.63times to 1.82times 4. Operating Profit Ratio The profit generated through from its core business activity or functions, can be called operating profit. It does not include any profits earned from the investments and effects of interest taxes it is known by two names, first is EBIT(Earnings Before Interest Tax) and Operating income. It is calculated by deducting operating expense, COGS Depreciation from Operating income. This ratio is helpful in measuring companys pricing decision operating efficiency. Wilmars Operating Profit Ratio has increased from 3.62% for the financial year 2012 to 3.78% for the year 2013. Every month new expansion have taken place like JV with a company in China, sale of potatoes, etc which has shown an increase in this ratio slowly and gradually. When we look over to Olam, its Operating Profit Ratio has almost remained constant to 4% both the financial years 5.Gearing Ratio Basically the capital compromises of two things. One is the owners fund and the other is the borrowed fund or debt fund. This ratio helps us to identify the level up to which a companys transaction are financed by own fund and borrowed funds. It is the proportion of a companys debt to its equity. Higher the ratio more risky the firm is because in such firm there would be a higher portion of debt. It might lead to bankruptcy in future. Lenders such as financial institutions basically focus on this ratio before granting ant financial assistance. Those industries with large ongoing Fixed assets requirements generally have a high gearing ratio. In order to determine an optimal ratio generally comparison is done within the same industry. Wilmars Gearing ratio is 0.83times for the year 2013 as compared to 0.85times for the year The proportion of debt is less as compared to equity and further it has reduced during the year 2013. When we look to Olam, its gearing ratio as increased from 1.8 1times to 1.93time from the year 2012 to 2013. It has higher debt portion. It is a highly levered firm which has a bit It is to be noted that the P/E ratio of Wilmar is higher than Olam. Also if we look up at page 4 , Percentage movement company had outperformed in all area except revenue almost remained same. I t is to be noted that company had also purchased assets , indicating expansions. So looking at t the good margin on Operating Profit, In addition to above following percentage movement is analyzed for consider investment decision a. Movement in EBITDA For 2013 , EBIT of WILMAR was US$2432 in Million And in 2012 it was 2406 It show the companys EBITDA had grown not much , but yes thought turnover get reduced in 2013 , it had shown increasing trend , It shows company had good control on Operating Expenses . b. Movement in Debt to equity ratio For 2013 Debt to Equity ratio was 0.83 , however in 2012 it was 0.85, It shows company has reduced the Debt und diverted it focused towards Equity fund. It reduce the risk factor by reducing fixed interest cot bearing security. c. Movement in Liquid Working Capital For 2013 was Liquid Working Capital US$ million 7108.9 , however in 2012 it was US$ million 7011.2, It shows company managed liquidity very positively. Though turnover get reduced and the net Liquid Working Capital had increased. d. Fall in revenue The basic reason behind fall in revenue was that the palm prices were significantly low during the year which has been the cause of fall in revenue by 3% approx as compared to 2012 e. Fall in operating profit The company has started expanding in different countries and has entered in Associate Joint Ventures so there instead of rising the operating profit fell down as when we open up a new business we earn less in the beginning. Same is with Wilmar. f. Rise in capital employed In the year Wilmar invested approx 285.155 million US$ in Fixed Assets , the Retained earnings rose by 102.05 million US$. So overall there was a 14% rise in capital employed. As I mentioned in point no.2 that company expanded through Associates Joint Ventures which led to such increase in capital employed g. Increase in cash generated by operating activities The net profit of Wilmar has risen by 70.371 million US$ as compared to 2012 i.e. 25% more than 2012. This has led to a rise in cash generated by operating activities Conclusion After comparing relevant ratios and percentage movement of specified factor of WILMAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2013 with previous years annual report and OLAM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED annual report 2012,2012 . It seems Wilamar has good potential if it increase it sales activity, It has good control in all other area. After considering all factors I advise my friend to invest in 5000 shares of Wilmar.In addition to that following.

Scarlet Letter And Pearl Essays - English-language Films

Scarlet Letter And Pearl One of the most complex and elaborate characters in The Scarlet Letter is Pearl, the misbegotten offspring of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. Throughout the story Pearl, becomes quite the dynamic little individual, as well as an extremely important symbol- one who is constantly changing. Pearl's involvement in the complex history of her parents inadvertently forced her to be viewed as different and is shunned because of her mother's sin. Pearl is a living scarlet letter to Hester, Dimmesdale and finally the reader, acting as a constant reminder of Hester's, as well as humanity's shortcomings. Hawthorne uses vivid descriptions to characterize Pearl, as he dose to every character thought the story. Pearl is first described as the infant; "...Whose innocent life had sprung, by the inscrutable decree of Providence, a lovely and immortal flower, out of the rank luxuriance of a guilty passion." . From the beginning of her life Pearl is viewed as the result of a sin, and as a punishment. Physically, Pearl has a "Beauty that became every day more brilliant, and the intelligence that threw its quivering sunshine over the tiny features of this child." Pearl is described as beautiful, with a "Beauty that shone with deep and vivid tints' a bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth and glow, and hair already of a deep, glossy brown, and which, in after years, would be nearly akin to black." Combined with her lavish beauty Hester dresses her child in copious dresses that are the envy of even the finest dressed adults in the town. The lovely dresses and her beauty cause her to be viewed as even stranger from the other typical Puritan children ,whom are dressed in traditional clothing. As a result, she is accepted only by nature and animals, and ostracized by the other Puritan children. "Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world... the whole peculiarity, in short, of her position in respect to other children.". Pearl was never accepted by the children even though her inescapable seclusion was due to the sin of her mother. If by chance the children would show interest in Pearl she would "grow positively terrible in her puny wrath, snatching up stones to fling at them..." Because of Pearl's seclusion from society nature seemingly sympathizes with Pearl, which is evident by eerie role of the sunshine in the forest. "The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate," . The sunshine seams almost grateful for Pearl presence, accepting her as an equal, and illuminating her beauty. Perhaps Hawthorn meant this as a biblical illusion to the light of Gods saving grace, and it's welcoming of even the most sinful person. Hawthorne describes another sign of acceptance as the "Great black forest...became the playmate of the lonely infant." . Suggesting Pearl's close association to evil. Eventually it is stated, "The truth seems to be, however, that the mother-forest, and these wild things which it nourished all recognized wildness in the human child." As a result of Pearl not being accepted by the community she takes on the characteristics of nature because nature accepts her as one of its own. Pearl's character "Lacked reference, and adaptation to the world into which she was born. The child could not be made amenable to rules.". This quote reveals a striking resemblance in description between Pearl and nature. Pearl and nature are referred to as not conforming to Puritan society. For the Puritan's sought to destroy (human) nature, and in the Puritan's eyes Pearl sought to destroy them. This characteristic makes Pearl so different from the rest of society that she is unaffected by the community's harsh reaction to her existence and constant disapproval, and is a product of nature and its ways She is extremely intelligent and always asking questions at the most inauspicious times, such as requesting of her illegitimate father to "..Stand here (in public disgrace) with mother and me, to-morrow at noontide" Her mood swings are also quite peculiar. One moment she is laughing for no apparent reason or at some ill form of malice and the next she is filled with an eerie hush. This anomalous behavior is why she is sometimes referred to by the townspeople as the "elf-child" or "imp." The townspeople even refer to her as a "demon offspring." Hester however sees her as a treasure, a blessing resulting from a bad choice, and thus named her pearl for just as a clam produces a beautiful creation as the result of a terrible incident,

New Public Management and Governance

New Public Management and Governance Over several decades, the implementation of successive policies has led to a complete change of the manner in which the government of Canada regulates the public sector. The most recent reforms concerning the stakeholders governing the public service considerably influenced the political figures such as ministers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Public Management and Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidently, the recent policy formulation and advice has lead to the emergence of the New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG) to regulate the government actions. As a result, the government leaders have been entrusted with responsibilities and duties. Additionally, a significant responsibility is bestowed upon the ministers in form of policymaking and implementation. This makes it difficult for the ministers and other political figures in the government to formulate independent policies n ot influenced by the political situation of the country and partisan interests (Thomas 2). Moreover, the newly enacted laws seem to stunt the response to economic stimulus initiated by the government. However, the assumptions concerning the new measures to ensure accountability and transparency are not a total barrier to the functioning of the public service. A survey by the government indicates that the expected response was not realized even with the increased government spending on the public sector. The stimulus plan did not include a strategy to monitor the economy’s response. In this regard, a comprehensive investigation and report demonstrated that the money allocated to the various projects was appropriate. The lack of the political support for a quicker implementation of the projects was evident among the political class. The parliamentarians and municipal authorities who anticipated to be afflicted by the political implications of the failure to meet the set deadlin es were pressuring the state to ease on the deadlines and allow the projects’ implementation at a slower rate. This political pressure forced the federal government to accept the deadlines’ extension for the poorly performing projects and approve the funding of other projects as late as 2010. In 2011, the government extended the deadlines for the completion of the projects with the prime minister asserting that most of the projects would observe the deadline (Johnson 39). An examination of the economic situation in the world and the progress in Canada in particular, indicated that the government did not rely chiefly on the political factors in order to decide on extending the deadline. However, the political situation was a major factor that could have prevented the government from making an independent decision.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fe deral government officials reported that natural adverse conditions had delayed the completion of most of the lagging projects. In addition, the complexity of some of the projects was a contributing factor to the experienced delays. An Investigation of the government spending indicates that the federal authorities were accountable for most of their actions, but the existing policies and reporting systems hindered the government from conducting a proper evaluation of the projects. The budget is another important aspect of the economy and the government’s plan for economic growth. The government formulates policies for the public sector based on the budget. In addition, the budget is the government projected spending on the public sector welfare. The effectiveness of a budget depends on the government’s policies that govern the use of money at the departmental level in the various public sectors. One problem that afflicts the budget is the power bestowed to the political authorities over the budget. The political leaders are responsible for the budget’s planning and implementation while the experts at the treasury insignificantly influence the budget. Trust is the main basis of interaction between the treasury officials and the political leaders concerning the planning and appropriation of the budget. For an effectively functioning public service, the policies regulating the government’s functions relating to the public service must be non-partisan for them to serve their purpose. The staffing of the public service should be non-partisan for proper functioning. A staffing system free of partisan influence is an essential component of the public service. Recent policies seek to govern the use of different types of labor within the public service. The non-partisan policy is significant in ensuring that the public service staff is able to execute its duties with due independence free of any political interference. The recent creation of the federal accountability act, that strictly regulates the public service actions, seems to nullify the relevance of ethics in the public service. The adoption of official policies as the guidelines to the implementation of all public service duties without including the ethical aspect of accountability in the execution of these duties poses a risk of imbalance. However, this does not mean that the policies should be eliminated for the proper functioning of the public service, but a blend of ethics and rules is necessary for the moderate regulation and promotion of liberal operations in the public sector. A policy that ensures that the public sector relies on the set regulations in its activities will limit the flexibility that is critical for the good performance of the public sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Public Management and Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the government s hould be viewed as a malleable system subject to external forces and internal conditions so that the functioning of its public service arm is governed in tandem with the requirements of the current situation. The unpredictable nature of the public sector and its susceptibility to swaying by the economic and social forces requires a moderate approach concerning governance (Hubbard 2009). Moreover, the incorporation of the human nature into governance makes it incapable of conforming to strict expectations and unrealistic requirements. Another impediment to the proper functioning of the public sector is the parliament’s effort to regulate the ministerial officials and monitor the financial situation in their ministries. The parliamentary bodies have sought to hold the deputy minister accountable for the appropriation of funds and the internal activities of the public service (Public Service Commission 4). To secure impartiality in the public administration relationships, the go vernment of Canada needs to reforms its public sector in such a way as to ensure the protection of the public servants from the transparency and scrutiny associated with the modern technology. The watchdog role the legislature has assumed to place the government ministers under scrutiny is retrogressive. Moderation is necessary concerning the system that places professionals under direct control and manipulation by the political class. Although the public service has endured the effects of the political environment for long time, more pressure to conform to the whims of the politicians has been witnessed where expertise and professionalism is of cardinal importance. In this essence, the political influence that accompanies the new public governance is a relative phenomenon. A crucial Ingredient of the governance of the public service is that it should be able to work towards the achievement of the political leadership goals when the political targets are for the public’s bene fits. However, the public service’s independence is essential to ensure that the political class does not exploit it to influence the political mood of the public in any way. The government must be cautious not to hand over the public service’s fate to the politicians since they may use it to further their agenda. Moreover, the use of the public service to achieve personal agendas may threaten its integrity. The new public governance has given the discretion of deciding the direction of the public service to the supreme political leadership that the prime minister represents. The prime minister’s party rarely monitors him, and the partisan power can seldom remove him from his position.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once the prime minister has assumed office, it is difficult to pressurize his resignation or limit his actions within his constitutional power. Recently, the prime minister has gained control over his deputies such that he is capable of influencing the staffing of the public service departments under the authority of the deputy ministers. This is possible since the prime minister’s control of the deputy ministers is well established. In addition, the influence of the prime minister over his deputies is camouflaged in such a manner that it is mistaken for a public agenda. The political structure propagates this situation since the deputies close to the prime minister blindly propagate his agenda. Some moderate independence of the deputies and the public service is necessary for the effective performance of the public service delivery system (Johnson 28). Furthermore, the ministers are not in a position to hire or dismiss their deputies. Ministers are direct appointees of the p rime minister and will almost certainly respect his decisions regarding appointments no matter how pervasive they may seem. A few radical ministers may seek to challenge the prime minister’s decision, but most of them will not express any kind of objection. Consequently, the prime minister holds immense power over the top echelon of the government. In this essence, the prime minister inevitably holds a significant influence of the public service In some cases of the ministers and deputy prime ministers’ appointments, a consideration about whether the potential appointees are equipped with the necessary knowledge and expertise to deal with the public service issues is essential. However, for every appointment, political considerations are made and in most cases, the political correctness of the appointment is the more prominent of the considerations. In addition, even those appointees that have sufficient professional qualification in their respective fields cannot dist ance themselves from political influence to match the non-partisan nature of the public service (Thomas 2). Political institution’s appointees are non-professional staff in the public service. However, the current system allows them to seek positions as professionals with fewer odds against them as compared to the professionals who have previously not held political posts. This kind of partial judgment of professionalism seems to indicate the political influence in the public service, which may lead to the public service politicization. Current the centralization of the public service is the major cause of the political influence in the public service. Differentiation and separation of the public service from the political class will serve to lessen the effects of the new public governance. Hubbard, Ruth. Profession: public servant. Ottawa: Invenire Books, 2009. Print. Johnson, David. Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada. 3rd ed. Toronto: Univers ity of Toronto Press, 2011. Print. Thomas, Paul. When Machinery of The Government Breaks Down. Optimum online 39.4,December (2009): 2. Print. Public Service Commission. Merit and non-partisanship under the. Ottawa: Public Service Commission of Canada, 2003. Print.

Chilis strategic market entry plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Chilis strategic market entry plan - Essay Example The initial step begins with identifying the foreign market that the firm wants to explore in. This decision is based on a number of strategic alternatives that underline the market opportunities and strategic orientation of the firm based on defined market needs. Once the decision of the foreign market is made, the next step involves identifying the market entry mode. This involves crucial decision on the firm’s choice of market entry mode and the decision is guided by several factors that require a deeper understanding of the country’s political and legislative environment. The report provides an insight into the market entry plans and strategic marketing alternatives that Chili’s will adopt in order to enter and establish its operations in London markets. The previous report analyzed the market environment and global marketing strategies that can help Chili’s strengthen its market position in London. This report explores the various market entry strateg ies that would be most appropriate for Chili’s and then identifies the marketing mix alternatives available to the company. The report also provides an insight into the suggested organization structure and a review the role of logistics and supply chain in the successful operations of the firm. The findings and recommendations of the report is supported by theoretical models and frameworks that help in explaining the decision making process and its viable impacts. The findings and recommendations of the report is supported.

Insolvency Law and Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Insolvency Law and Capitalism - Essay Example Capitalism is a form of economic organization, whose main goal is to make profits. In order to achieve this, and sustain the capitalist system, capitalists must carry on the entrepreneurial spirit and continuously involve themselves in investing and re-investing capital into the economy (Schumpeter, 405-6). However, with limited capital, they must resort to other ways of financing their endeavors. One such way is through borrowed money. As Joseph Schumpeter writes, " . . . [C]apitalism is that form of private property economy in which innovations are carried out by means of borrowed money . . . " (179). Consequently, most business endeavors begin with debts. However, with the existence of risks and uncertainties present in investments such as competition, accidents, or even problems caused by financial crises, business failures and bankruptcies, which are usually followed by disputes over a company or individual's financial arrangements, become commonplace. Such occurrences threaten the very fuel that drives capitalism: it threatens the value of a business' much needed capital and it threatens the smooth flow of economic activity. In order to avoid such problems, institutions were built in the form of insolvency laws. Insolvency laws facilitate the liquidation of assets or possible reorganization of a bankrupt firm. It is meant to ensure that the process is smoothly executed, avoiding and solving conflicts, salvaging the company's capital, ensuring that all involved parties are treated fairly, and avoiding as much distortions in the economy as possible (Industry Canada). Thus, insolvency laws play a crucial role in the capitalist economy - it keeps valuable capital safe and it resolves conflicts, which are detrimental to continuous economic activity. Aside from its role in the liquidation of assets, insolvency laws also provide capitalism a crucial benefit - it keeps the "entrepreneurial spirit" alive. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are crucial to a capitalist society because "without entrepreneurial achievement, no capitalist returns . . . " (405-6), and consequently, no capitalism. However, the possibility of bankruptcy, or the legal and economic burdens that plague bankrupt businessmen, poses a great deterrent for entrepreneurs to engage in economic activity because of the high risks involved. Insolvency laws solve this problem by providing not only protection for entrepreneurs in the face of bankruptcy, but also the possibility of "economic rebirth" - freedom from the clutches of bankruptcy and c chance to start anew - for bankrupt proprietors. Hence, in sustaining the capitalist system, insolvency laws become a necessary institution among capitalist societies. Unfortunately, it became a necessary evil as well because while sustaining capitalism, it created further problems that complicate the economic and social conditions within a society. As Edward J. Balleisen writes in his book "Navigating Failure," the American response to bankruptcy, in the form of insolvency law, has created two opposing elements in American capitalist society - the risk taking culture of capital entrepreneurs and the reluctant attitude of wage-earning laborers towards them (21). Before the existence of insolvency laws, entrepreneurs

Suatainable Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Suatainable Development - Essay Example limatics to sustainability appraisal, corporate social responsibility, transport or one planet living, sustainable development encompasses umpteenth number of such diverse issues, to make life healthier. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, â€Å"Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.† (WCED 1987: 43) This report is also known as the Brundtland Report (WCED 1987). The Brundtland Report puts forward the primary objectives of sustainable development which has been stated as: The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) conducted in Johannesburg in 2002 was finally able to put sustainable development on the political agenda with the objective of accelerating the environment and development requirement of Africa intensively emphasizing on local issues like household energy, water and sanitation (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). More than a hundred Heads of State and Governments discussed the WSSD, the five top spectrums of which encompassed health, water, energy, agriculture and biodiversity (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). The UN Summit deserves the credit for bringing together governments in acknowledging a new global deal on sustainable development (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). While the WSSD chiefly targeted implementation rather than new visions, treaties and agreements, Rio has been responsible for the exceptionally new paradigm shift in considering sustainable development, as well as the new legally binding agreements particularly those related with biodiversity and climate change (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). However, the subsequent years revealed a fall in the high-level political interest and dealing with issues related to sustainable development (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). These issues has now been brought back again in the political agenda by the WSSD (â€Å"The World Summit†, 2005). This paved the

Development of the Niger Delta

Development of the Niger Delta ROAD TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NIGER DELTA: A CASE STUDY OF WARRI METROPOLIS ATUBI, A. 0. AND ONOKALA, P.C. ABSTRACT Road transportation is essential in the life of any modern society, this is because it entails the movement of people, goods, and services from one place to the other. It is the main medium used to revitalize the social, economic and political structures. It is also observed that the system of mass production relies on an efficient transport system for its existence. The data used for the study were mainly from primary and secondary sources and from the analysis of the data, it was revealed that road transportation has contributed tremendously to the socio-economic development of Warri metropolis. The development of the road transport system in Warri metropolis should therefore be encouraged because it has been and will continue to be a reliable means of promoting the socio-economic development of Warri metropolis. INTRODUCTION Transportation is an important activity in the life of any modern society. It involves the movement of people, goods and services on land, water and air. It refers to the process whereby objects arc conveyed in space and involves the movement of these objects by a mechanism through an environmental medium. In commerce and industry, transportation is used to describe the broad range of activities concerned with the efficient movement of finished goods from the place of production to the consumer and source of supply to the beginning of production line. Spatial interaction is one of the most fundamental themes in human geography. It involves the movement of people, goods and services between various centres in space. In those countries where the basic road network is incomplete, it will usually be appropriate to adopt a relatively low level of geometric standards in order to release resources to provide more basic road links. This policy will generally do more to foster economic development than building a smaller number of road links to a higher standard (Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1988). However, Brian and Rodney (1995) observed that the comparatively low level of economic activity in many of the less developed countries is often reflected in the modest scale of their transport systems. Transport is generally meant to promote development. Government is aware of this view hence they pay attention to the development of transport system in Nigeria (Atubi, 1995). Transport development in Nigeria, the Standard Research Institute aptly stated that the â€Å"Economic history of Nigeria is largely the story of the opening up of its vast areas to various forms of transport resulting in the economic growth which in turn stimulated the demand for transport.† Socio-economic development of Nigeria major cities are impeded by the absence of good road transportation. It can be said that the overall pace of national economic and social development has been retarded by the present system of inequitable allocation of road transport investment between the various urban centres and rural areas. In Onokerhoraye and Omuta (1994), Chapin (1976) argued that transportation is essentially a service, which enables people, firm and various entities to carry on activities at sites selected for this purpose. As being observed by scholars notably Olanrewaju (1977), transport facilities contribute an important component of infrastructural facilities necessary for development. Transport according to him is regarded as a catalyst for economic development especially in rural areas. Brown (1974), observed that the rise of motor transport in the last twenty-five years has had enormous effect. Mobility has increased and villages and towns have grown up beside roads. Also Alli (1975), observed that road network has to a great extent brought economic integration of the various states of West Africa through widespread international trade. Omiunu and Onokerhoraye (1995) argued that rapid development of mechanical road transport has been one of the outstanding events of this modem era arid has been a profound impact on the socio-economic life of a country. Waugh and Bushell (1991), asserted that better accessibility can bring many benefits which include less time spent travelling, cheap travel, a great choice of holiday destinations, more markets for industrial products and increased trade. Gakenheimer (1978), asserted that growing congestion in urban areas is providing an interdependent stimulus for a rethink of current transport policies. Hammer (1976), in Wilson (1984), concluded that â€Å"road transport has a considerable effect on our daily lives apart from ending some of them. The provision of transport is fundamental to all other forms of development. According to Akinbode (1975); in industry, the effects of transport have been two folds; firstly, through promoting specialization, a higher standard of living could be made. Secondly, the spread of information and ideas could be possible by an increasingly efficient transport system. Kruger and Russell (2001), pointed out that transport is indispensable for the functioning and development of economic activities for the production and distribution of goods and services as well as for trade. METHODOLOGY For the purpose of data collection in the study area, stratified sampling technique was used to divide the study area into three zones Okumagba zone, Ajamimogha zone and Ekurede Urhobo zone. Systematic sampling method was used to select some households, where there is more than one household in a house, random sampling method was used. The instrument used to elicit necessary information from the respondents include questionnaires, personal observations and oral interviews. However, only one hundred and fifty (150) persons were selected to represent the target population. This comprises of workers, traders, industrialists, passengers, owners of mechanical medium of road transport etc. In analyzing the data, the statistical tools used include the use of tables, percentages and statistical technique such as the correlation statistics. STUDY AREA Warri is the headquarters of the Warri South Local Government Area. It is located in the Western Niger Delta region of Delta State and lies approximately between longitude 5 °44’ and latitude 5 °30’ and 6 °15’ (see fig. 1). Its location in the Niger Delta area makes it a very low-lying town. The position of Wan-i is about 6 metres above the sea level on the average and no where does it rise above 8 metres. The Wan-i River borders the town on the south and eastern sides. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The means of transportation in any modem society occupies an important place in the society. Road transportation has been of great importance in our daily lives, since emphasis is now placed on punctuality to work than ever before and its necessity for greater industrial and commercial output, which has impact on our daily socio-economic life. From the field observation, several means of road transportation were identified. These include private cars, commercial taxi cabs, pick up vans, buses, motorbikes, trucks, bicycles etc. These have helped to facilitate the movement of people, goods, industrial raw materials and output and services in the area. Table 1.0: Road Transportation Has contributed to Socio-economic Development of your area Source: Fieldwork, 2002. From table 1.0, it can be concluded that road transportation has contributed to the development of the area socially and economically. The result from the field survey shows that 123 respondents reacted positively to the question while only 27 respondents answered negatively. Also from the table above it can be concluded that road transportation has a lot of impact on the socio economic development process of Warri metropolis. The table 1.0 shows that 82% of the respondents believe positively that road transportation has impact on the socio-economic development of their various areas. While only 18% believed otherwise. Table 2.0: Road transport, industrial and commercial output Source: Fieldwork, 2002. From table 2.0 above, one can deduce that the road transportation network has contributed to the industrial and commercial output of the Warri metropolis. 76% of the respondents affirmed positive answer, this is to say that as a result of the condition of roads in the area industries and commercial output is low and not encouraged. Table 3.0: Most Preferred Public Road Transport Source: Fieldwork, 2002. The table 3.0 above, shows that a larger percentage of the respondents with 58% prefer to use motorbikes as their mode of public transport medium. According to them, the reasons are based on the fact that it is faster and convenient. They also said that it is an alternative to motorcars when there is hold up or traffic jam. Those that prefer to take motorcars are the remaining 48% of the respondents who based their argument on the fact that the drivers of motorcars are more careful than those of motorbikes. It is safer and reduces cost, more convenient and above all accident is minimized. Table 4.0: Road Transport and Employment Opportunities Source: Fieldwork, 2002. Table 4.0 above shows that the respondents have been able to affirm greatly that road transportation has created employment opportunities to a large number of the population. The employment opportunities enumerated include drivers, mechanics, vulcanizers, spare parts dealers, motorbikes, commercial drivers, car washers etc which have increased in recent times. It was also noted that where new roads are constructed, commercial activities tend to spring up. However, those who gave negative response to this argument based their argument on the fact that in their area, there are no seasoned roads or no road at all and so transport mechanisms cannot in any way create job opportunity for them. They however, agreed that road transportation has created job opportunities in diverse areas in the metropolis. Table 5.0: Nature of Roads in the Study Area Source: Fieldwork, 2002. Table 5.0 above, shows that 31.3% of the respondents indicated that the roads in the metropolis are good, 26% indicated that they are fairly good, 22.7% said they are bad and the remaining 20% indicated that the roads are very bad. However, from observation, it was observed that majority of the roads are very narrow, this may be because most of the roads have been built many years ago when the number of mechanisms in the metropolis was low and also when the developmental level of the metropolis was still at its initial stage. Then the density of the traffic was not envisaged to be as high as it is at present. Table 6.0: Condition of road transport mechanisms Source: Fieldwork, 2002. From table 6.0, it is shown that road mechanisms in the metropolis i.e. cars, motorbikes are in good condition. This is based on the fact that 65.3 percent of the respondents affirmed that they are in good condition. However, 34.7 percent of the respondents declared that the mechanisms are not in good condition. From observation however, it was observed that a greater number of vehicles in the metropolis that are in good condition are privately owned mechanisms. The commercial cars and lorries are mostly in bad shape. This is due to ill maintenance. It was also observed that the motorbikes are not in good shape. Mechanically, most of the motorbikes expel a lot of smoke or gases that are poisonous and harmful to the environment. Table 7.0: Correlation Results Product Moment Correlation RR2 Significance 1.Socio-economic Dev. Motorcar Transport 0.50 0.25 1.0** 2. Socio-economic Dev. Motorbike Transport 0.50 0.25 1.0 3.Accident occurrence Motorcar Transport 0.95 0.90 13.4** 4.Accident occurrence Motorbike Transport 0.95 0.90 13.4** **significant at 95% level. From the analysis of the data in table 7.0 above, it shows that the calculated value is 0.50 and the table value is 6.3 14 at 0.05 or 95% confidence. Therefore, based on this result it can be’ concluded that a continuous increase in the number of motorcars is not a determinant of the relative increase on the socio-economic development of Warri metropolis. Therefore, it is assumed that as the number of motorcars increases, there is a decline in the socioeconomic development of the study area. Conclusively, it can therefore be stated that motorcars and motorbikes which collectively form the mode of road transport in Warri metropolis has no significant relationship with the socioeconomic development of Warri metropolis. This is because an increase in the road mechanism rather than increasing the socioeconomic well being of the study area, causes problems such as traffic congestion, accidents, pollution, which in any way do not contribute to the socio-economic development of any area. POLICY IMPLICATION The government should provide good and all seasoned roads in the metropolis so that there can be easy flow of traffic. They should also include in the road construction plan a separate lane for motorbikes, in order to reduce the rate of accidents in the metropolis. The government should also provide market structures for squatters or traders along the roads in order to reduce congestion and the rate of accidents on the roads. The State and Local Governments should ensure that more roads are constructed in the metropolis to ease movement of socioeconomic activities in the area and also ensure that roads are well linked in order to reduce traffic hold up in the area. They should also try to dualise some of the major roads in the metropolis to ease the rate of traffic holdup in the study area. The government should also provide parking space for motor vehicles and large lorries, in order to reduce the number of vehicles, motorbikes and lorries that are parked along the roadside which constitute part of the road congestion in the metropolis. CONCLUSION The result of the study shows that road transportation has contributed tremendously to the socio-economic development of Warri metropolis. It has provided efficient means of mobility of the populace and the movement of goods and services in the area. It. has also created an enabling environment for both industrial and commercial activities in the metropolis. REFERENCES Atubi, A.O. (1995): The Effect of Road Network Characteristics on Traffic Flow in Lagos Mainland Local Government An unpublished B.Sc. Thesis. Department of Geography, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Akinbode, A. (1975): â€Å"The role of transportation in the development of Africa: Research Papers 1971-1975 Vol. 1, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Alli, A. (1975): â€Å"Man in West Africa† A School Certificate Regional Geography: Ethiope Publishing Corporation, Benin City. Brian, T. and Rodney, T. (1995): â€Å"Rural Transport Problems, Policies and Plan†. Transport Systems, policy and planning: A Geographical Approach, Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow England, Pp. 23 1-260 Brown, E.D. (1974): â€Å"General Geography of West Africa† George Allen and Ulwin Ltd., London. Chapin, F.S. (1976): â€Å"Urban Land Use Planning† Chicago University of Illinois Press Gakenhenimer, R. (1978): â€Å"The Automobile and the Environment† An International Perspective, prepared by the organization for economic cooperation and development MIT Press Cambridge. Hammer, M. (1976): â€Å"Wheels Within Wheels† in Wilson, D. (1984): â€Å"The environmental crisis†. Heinemann Educational Book Ltd. London. Kruger, B. and Russell, B. (2001): â€Å"Transport and Socio-Economic Development† presented to the commission on sustainable development 9 session on transport and sustainable development in the E.C.E. region development research association conference, Calabar Nigeria. Pp. 3-7 Omiunu, F.G.I. and Onokerhoraye, A.G. (1995): â€Å"Transportation and the Nigerian space economy† The Benin Social Science Series for Africa University of Benin, Nigeria. Omuta, G.E.D. and Onokerhoraye, A.G. (1994): â€Å"Regional development and planning for Africa†. The Benin Social Science Series for Africa, University of Benin, Nigeria P. 104 Transport and Road Research Laboratory (1988): A guide to project appraisal. Road Note 5, London: Higso, Gratis from TRRL overseas unit. Waugh, D. and Bushell, T. (1991): â€Å"Key geography foundation† Stanley Thornes Publishers Limited London.

Mental Health Community in the 19th Century Essay -- Exploratory Essay

Mental Health Community in the 19th Century Mental health is a relevant issue in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Not only is Kurtz’ mental health questionable throughout the novel, but Marlow also has to be examined by a physician, to check both his physical and mental status, before he starts on the journey to Africa. The mental health community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was not nearly as developed as it is today, but many developments during this time period had a profound impact on the way we analyze the human psyche and mental health today. Mental health patients were considered innately inferior and treated as the weaker portion of the human race due to the prevailing dominant theory of Social Darwinism in the 1800s. They were put in mental asylums, where conditions had deteriorated substantially from earlier in the century. (Floyd) The public’s interest about the unsatisfactory care of the mentally ill, championed by Dorothea Dix, led to some reforms, such as higher medical standards, more oversight into asylum practices, and more research into mental health. (Floyd) Nevertheless, the status of the mentally ill did not elevate much higher, and by the 1890s the repeated failure of asylum therapy convinced most that insanity and mental illness was incorrigible. Finding no alternatives, however, patients continued to be sent to asylums to attempt to cure them as much as to isolate them from the rest of society. (Roberts) Unfortunately, people also began to fear the proliferation of the mentally ill. When ste rilization became considered, unrealistic, more, cheaper asylums were built as a means of segregated them and preventing an increase in their numbers. (Roberts) ... ...h Care. 6 Oct. 2002 http://www.mind.org.uk/information/factsheets/N/notes/notes_on_the_history_of_menta l_health_care.asp> Floyd, Barbara. From Quackery to Bacteriology. University of Toledo. 6 Oct. 2002 Mills, Val. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) 6 Oct. 2002 Mustard, Ronnie. Listings: the history of mental health. 6 Oct. 2002 . Roberts, Andrew. Mental Health History Timeline. 6 Oct. 2000 . Sabbatini, Renato M.E. â€Å"The History of Psychosurgery† June/August 1997. Brain & Mind Magazine. 14 Jun.1997. State University of Campinus, Brazil. 6 Oct. 2002 http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n02/historia/psicocirg_i.htm>

Understand Health and Safety Essay

A description of four different examples of accidents and/or sudden illnesses that might occur 1) The individual that you are supporting on an outing may choke on their food. This is usually caused by an object getting stuck in the back of your throat, this needs to be dealt with fast as it can result in the person stopping breathing if it is blocking their airways. 2) The individual that you are supporting on an outing may be epileptic and while you are out they could have an epileptic seizure. Epilepsy is a medical condition which causes a disturbance to the brain, this results in the individual becoming unconscious and having involuntary convulses of the body. People that have epilepsy have no control on when it is going to happen and sometimes can cause themselves harm when falling during the seizure. 3) The individual that you are supporting on an outing may have a cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest occurs when an individual’s heart stops, this can happen for different reasons, this is mainly due to a heart attack but can also be because of shock, an electric shock, a convulsion or other illnesses or injuries 4) The individual that you are supporting on an outing may fall over and have severe bleeding. Severe bleeding is usually the result of a fall or injury, being the most common cause being glass. Aii An outline of the Procedure to follow if an accident or sudden illness should occur Choking and difficulty with breathing 1) You need to make sure the individual has nothing in their mouth and remove any dentures, use one finger with a glove on to sweep through the mouth and remove anything that is in there. 2) Encourage the individual to cough as  this might help move the object at the back of the throat. 3) Give the individual 5 back blows, bend the individual slightly forward and with the heal of your hand give the back blows in the middle of the shoulder blades. 4) If the object is still stuck then you should use the Heimlich manoeuvre also known as abdominal thrusts. To do this you need to stand behind the individual and put your arms around them, joining your hands just below the breastbone with one hand as a fist and the other covering it. 5) You need to pull your hands into the person’s body and upwards at the same time, with the force it should push the object out of the throat. 6) You should alternate between the back slaps and the thrusts until the object is removed. Epileptic seizure When an individual has an epileptic seizure you need to make sure that the area around them is as safe as possible and loosen all clothing. Once the seizure has stopped you need to check the individuals airways are clear and then put them into the recovery position. Try to make sure the individual is safe and comfortable and especially try to prevent head injury. You need to follow the protocol of the medication that can be given to help with a seizure such as at the support I work an individual has epilepsy and our protocol is if he is still in seizure after 10 minutes then we administer 0.5ml of madazolam buccal and then leave him for another 10 minutes and if he is still in seizure we need to give him the other 0.5ml if this doesn’t work then we are to phone an ambulance. Cardiac Arrest If an individual goes into cardiac arrest you need to call for medical help straight away. You need to give the individual mouth to mouth resuscitation, and chest compressions to stimulate the heart known as CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation) The supporting staff should have had attended a first aid course which will have taught them how to resuscitate. CPR is hard work and the compressions need to be in the correct place. Firstly you should check if the individual has a pulse and whether they are breathing, if not call for medical help and then start CPR which is two mouth to mouth breaths and then 30 chest compressions and you should carry this on until medical help arrives. Severe Bleeding If an individual has a severe bleed then you will need to apply pressure to the wound, if it is possible use a sterile dressing but if this isn’t available use any material that is absorbent. You will need to apply pressure to the wound for about 10 minutes to allow the blood to clot. If there is an object in the wound do not try to remove it but apply pressure to the sides of the wound. If it is possible lie the individual down and raise the affected part of the body. When dealing with individuals with severe bleeding you need to protect yourself. Your skin acts as an excellent barrier to infections, but if you have any broken skin then you must be careful, if the blood of another individual comes into contact with your eyes, nose or mouth then you must seek medical advice. Blood-borne viruses such as HIV or hepatitis can only be passed on if the blood of someone who is already infected comes into contact with broken skin. If available you should wear gloves, if not available cover broken area with a waterproof plaster. If possible wash your hand before and after coming into contact with blood Aiii A list of the principles to be followed for safer moving and handling 1) When making a decision on the best way to move an individual they must discuss this with the individual it concerns. 2) The individual should be encouraged to do as much as possible for themselves and only use minimum manual handling 3) Where able to you should use the aids to support individuals to move themselves 4) The employer has a statutory duty to provide lifting and handling equipment, but it is the responsibility of the staff to use it 5) You have the right to be safe but individuals also have the right to be moved with dignity and as safely as possible. Aiv An explanation of why it is important to follow the care plan and communicate with each individual when assisting and moving It is important to follow the care when assisting and moving an individual as these plans have been put in place to ensure the safety of the individual and yourself while you are  assisting them. You can have an input in the decision on how this should be carried out but it is the professional that makes the decision. It is important that you communicate with the individual while assisting and moving as this will help them to feel more relaxed and you should explain each stage of the move to them so that they are prepared for it. It will also help to stop the individual from becoming anxious as they don’t know what is happening. Av An outline of staff responsibilities for medication in a social care setting Staff responsibilities for medication in a social care setting are that they need to check that they are giving the medication to the correct individual so check that on the box or bottle of the medication the name matches the individual you are administering the medication to. Check that the medication sheet also has the correct person’s name on it. Check that you have the correct amount of the medication that it says to administer on the mar sheet. You should also get another member of staff to check the amounts you have got out to make sure they are correct to prevent a medication error. While administering the medication you should wear personal protective equipment such as gloves. Before giving the medication you should explain to the individual what the medication is for and what it is they are taking. You should then check the area around the individual to make sure they have swallowed them all and none have been dropped. If medication has been missed or medication has been given when it shouldn’t have been then you should let your manager know and phone NHS direct to seek professional advice. You should also then phone on call and let them know what has happened and what the health professional has advised. Avi A brief description of the agreed procedures for obtaining, storing, administering and recording the medication needed for the outing. a) Obtaining When obtaining the medication you should make sure that you are getting the correct medication for the individual that you are taking out on  an outing, you need to with gloves remove the tablets from the box and put them into a medication box that you can take out with you. If you need to take liquid medication with you then you should take the bottle with you and a meds tub to allow you to measure out the correct amount that the individual will need. If you do not know them amounts then you should write this down and take it with you. If the individual takes their medication with something such as yoghurt (this must be stated in their support plans) then you should either take this with you or ensure that you go somewhere where you will be able to buy some to use for giving the medication. b) Storing When going out you should store the medication safely, such as the tablets should be in a meds tub that fastens and is secure to make sure that the medication isn’t lost. c) Administering When administering the medication on an outing you should check that all the medication is still there and again check that it is correct. You should give the medication still respecting the individuals dignity to try and do it somewhere quiet and away from a busy place. If the medication is liquid form then you should put the meds tub on a flat surface to ensure that you pour out the correct amount. d) Recording When you get back home you should fill in the mar sheet to make sure the next time someone comes to give the individual medication they know that it has been administered, as if you forget to sign that it has been given another member of staff may think that they haven’t had it and seek advice on what to do, they may be then told o administer it as soon as possible and then this could result in an overdose all of this would be a medication error. Avii An explanation of why the social care workers accompanying the individuals on the outing should have specialist training before each of the following: a) Carrying out emergency first aid Staff that support an individual on an outing should have training for emergency first age first as without this they do not have the knowledge of what to do in an emergency correctly, such as what to do if an individual chokes or has severe bleeding. If they have had first aid training then the will be aware of what to do in the different situations that may occur while on an outing. By having this training it is  more likely that the individual will be given the correct support that is needed in the situation. b) Assisting with moving and handling Staff that support an individual on an outing should have training in assisting with moving and handling as this will result in the safety of both the staff and the individual that they are supporting as they will have a better knowledge of how they sho uld support the individual safely. If they do not have the training then they may do something wrong when assisting the individual and this could result in harming either themselves or the individual that they are supporting and by not doing it correctly they may not do it in a dignified way and this could upset the individual that they are supporting. c) Handling medication Staff supporting an individual on an outing should have training on handling medication to ensure that the medication is given to the correct person with the correct amount and in the way that the individual prefers. It will also mean that the individual is supported with medication in the best possible way and that there are no medication errors. Task B – Guide Bi A list of the laws relating to: a) General health and safety in the setting Manual Handling Regulations 1992 (amended 2002) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH) Reporting of Injuries Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) Health and Safety First Aid Regulations 1981 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Personal Protective Equipment 1992 b) Moving and handling Health and Safety at work Act 1974 Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (amended 2002) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 Bii A list of the food standards that relate to social care settings Food Standards Act 1999 Food Safety Act 1990 Food Hygiene Regulations 2005 Biii An outline of the main health and safety responsibilities of: a) the social care worker The responsibilities of the social care worker are to keep themselves and the individuals that they are supporting safe. Social care workers should make sure that they follow all procedure that are in place when supporting individuals and when doing anything that has risks of harm. Staff should make sure that they use any equipment safely and only use it if they have had the specialist training on how to use the equipment. Staff when using equipment should make sure hair is out of the way to prevent it from becoming stuck in the equipment, You should communicate with you manager and make sure that you have adequate training and understand and follow the company’s policies and procedures around health and safety. You should report any illness, strains or injuries that you suffer as a result of doing your job as your employer may need to make changes to the way you work. If you become pregnant then you should inform your manager as it may mean that you are unable to do some of the things within your job role or may need to move somewhere where the chance of harm coming to you is slimmer. b) the employer or manager The responsibilities of the employer or manager are to make the workplace safe, they need to prevent risks to health, ensure that the equipment that is used is safe and that safe working practices are set up and followed by the staff, they need to ensure that all materials are handled, stored and used safely. Employers should inform you of any potential hazards from the work you carry out, chemicals and any other substances used by the employer. They should check that the right equipment is supplied for the work and that staff use it correctly and that the equipment is regularly maintained. They need to avoid potentially  dangerous work involving manual handling and if it cannot be avoided then they should take precautions to reduce the risk of injury. Employers need to supply staff with protective clothing free of charge. c) individuals using the service The responsibilities of individuals using the service are to make sure that they agree and follow their tenancy agreement. They should speak with staff to make it aware of the way that they would like to be supported when using assistive technology to reduce the risk of harm coming to themselves or the supporting staff. They should report any faults within their home so that it can be resolved before any injury or harm is caused to themselves or the supporting staff. If they do not have understanding of what faults are then supporting staff should make these known to the individual and support them to make the calls needed to get these fixed. Biv A description of the main points of health and safety policies and procedures To ensure the health, safety and welfare of everyone To protect people from hazards that might occur To control the keeping and use of dangerous substances Bv A list of work activities that should only be carried out after special training Manual Handling First Aid Clinical tasks such as taking temperature or blood pressure, changing dressings Giving Medication Bvi A description of how to access additional support and information in relation to health and safety Health and Safety is very important so it is always better to ask for more information than to guess and get things wrong. You might need extra information relating to legislation and guidelines, actions to take to ensure safety, concerns you have about a situation or person,  unhappy about the risks from a piece of equipment or another hazard or unclear about who has responsibility. If you need additional advice or support you should talk to your line manager, if your manager is unavailable and you are unable to find the information you need in your employers policies then the health and safety executive (www.hsc.gov.uk) should provide all the information you need. Trade Unions may also have the information that you need. Task C – Case Studies Ci Define the term ‘hazard’ and ‘risk’ The term hazard means something that could cause harm, danger or adverse health effects to an individual and the term risk means the likelihood or probability of a hazard causing harm to the individual. Such as a spill on the floor is a hazard and slipping on the wet surface is the risk. Cii Identify the hazards and risks in the case study above The hazard is a burs pipe in the roof and water running down the light fitting and onto the bathroom floor. The risks are that the individual that Winston is visiting may slip on the water and harm himself or he may get an electric shock as water is running into electricity or due to the water in the roof it may cause the ceiling to fall in. Ciii Explain how and when you would report the risks you have identified Firstly Winston should make sure his client is in a safe place and then turn off the water and electric at the mains. He would need to then report this straight away to his line manager and then get in touch with either the landlord or a plumber and an electrician and inform them of the burst pipe so that they can make arrangements for it to be fixed as soon as possible. Civ Describe how a risk assessment might help reassure Ellie’s mum and ensure Ellie’s safety By having a risk assessment in place for Ellie making her own way on the bus to the group the social worker will of identified all of the possible hazards and the level of risks connected with these. The social care worker will have come up with ways of avoiding these hazards which will ensure Ellis safety and Ellie’s mum will feel reassured Cv Describe how a social care worker should use the risk assessment to ensure Ellie is safe during the journey To make sure Ellie is safe during the journey the social care workers should follow the risk assessment as it will state all the risks to Ellie during her journey and will include what needs to be done to reduce the likelihood of the risks. It is the responsibility of the social care worker to make sure that they are aware of the risk assessment and if there is anything that they do not understand then they should seek additional advice from their line manager straight away. It is also the responsibility of the social care worker to report any changes that need making to the risk assessments as soon as possible to their line manager. The risk assessment must be up to date and revised as often as necessary for the safety of Ellie and the people that are working with her. Task D – Short Answer Questions Di List three hazardous substances that can be found in an adult social care setting 1. Cleaning Chemicals 2. Medication 3. Clinical Waste Dii Use the table below to describe safe practice for the handling of each hazardous substance Medication Body Waste Cleaning Fluids Storage The medication should be stored in a locked cabinet out of reach, only the authorised person should have the key for the locked cabinet, the cabinet should be at the correct temperature the medication needs to be stored at. The medication must stay in the packaging the pharmacy dispensed it in Body waste should be stored in a yellow bag sealed and put into the designated place ready for collection somewhere that will not cause infection risks. Cleaning fluids should be kept in a safe place preferably in a locked cupboard and in line with the manufacturer’s instructions. All cleaning fluids should be stored in the correct bottles with the correct labels on them. Use The staff giving medication must have appropriate training in the administering of medication. When handling body waste you should always be wearing protective clothing such as gloves and aprons, you should also make sure you wash your hands after handling body waste. When using cleaning fluids you should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and wear protective clothing such as gloves and aprons. Disposal The correct method of disposal is to return any unused medication back to the pharmacy and not put in the bin. Body waste will be picked up from designated area by specialist waste contractors. You should always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when disposing cleaning fluids Diii Identify three common hazards related to handling and storing food 1. Poor hygiene so there is a risk of infection 2. Not reheating food to the correct temperature 3. Storing uncooked meat on the top shelf in the fridge Div Explain how to: a) Store food safely You need to ensure when storing food that you store it at the correct temperature, cover and label the food so that others know when it has been opened and when it will no longer be edible. You need to make sure that uncooked and cooked foods are kept separately to avoid contamination. b) Handle food safely When handling food you should keep yourself clean, you should wear protective clothing, keep the workplace you are working in clean and tidy, you should use separate utensils and other equipment for different types of food such as chopping boards with different colours for cooked meat and vegetables etc, You should wash your hands regularly and thoroughly. c) Dispose of food safely When disposing food you should make sure leftover food is disposed quickly, ensure that the bins are emptied frequently and that and anything that is dropped or spilt is cleaned up quickly. Dv Identify three common signs or indicators of stress 1. Feeling tense, uptight or angry 2. disturbance of sleep pattern 3. headaches/migraines Dvi Give two examples of circumstances or situations that may cause a person to feel stressed 1. One example of circumstances or situations that may cause a person to feel stressed is work pressure, such as if someone has been set some targets to meet within a given time and they are struggling to meet these targets they may become tired and anxious and this may result in them becoming stressed due to a build up of work and feeling that it is on top of  them. 2. Another One example of circumstances or situations that may cause a person to feel stressed is being in debt as this may make them feel that they are unale to cope and, they may be worrying all the time where they are going to get the money from to pay the debt and this may result in a decrease in their self esteem and self worth and make them question their ability to support a family. They may also be worrying that they may be kicked out and have nowhere to live with their family if they dont find the money to pay. Dvii Identify and describe two ways of managing stress 1. One way in which an individual can manage stress is by physical activity, as this uses up the extra energy the body produces when they are stressed, this could be things such as walking, jogging, going to the gym, boxing etc. 2. Another way in which an individual can manage stress is by taking your mind off of the issue for a while by doing something else, by doing this it allowes you to come back to the problem with a clear head later on. This could be doing things such as gardening, going to the cinema, pampering etc. Task E – Leaflet Infection Control Ei A list of the routes by which infection can enter the body Infection can enter the body down the respiratory tract into the lungs. Illnesses such as coughs, colds, influenza and other common airborne infections are usually passed on this way. Infection can enter the body through breaks in the skin. You skin works as an excellent barrier against infection but if you have an open cut then infection can enter the body through the cut. Infection can enter the body down the digestive tract. If you have a drink or eat any food that is contaminated then this can infect your stomach or bowels. This kind of infection usually results in vomiting  or diarrhoea Infection can enter the body through the urinary and reproductive system. This kind of infection can remain localised or sometimes can then get into the blood. Most commonly sexually transmitted diseases infect the genitals. HIV and the AIDS virus is carried in bodily fluids and can be passed on through coming into contact with an infected persons saliva, seminal fluid or blood. Eii A description of how our own health or personal hygiene may place others at risk in the workplace Our own health or personal hygiene may put others at risk in the workplace as it is very important that you wash your hands regularly as if you have come into contact with infections and bacteria and then touch other things then you are leaving them all over and then when others touch things such as the banister on the stairs then they are also picking this bacteria up which could cause infection. You should always wear personal protective clothing when supporting an individual with any form of personal care where you come into contact with bodily fluids such as saliva or urine, this is not just to protect you but to protect the individual you are supporting from any infection that you may have picked up. You take care not to sneeze or cough on others as this could pass on infections to others, You should constantly using antibacterial spray to wipe down all surfaces to prevent cross con tamination. Eiii An explanation of the most effective ways to wash hands 1) Remove any rings or jewellery from the hands or wrists 2) Using warm running water thoroughly wet your hands 3) Squirt liquid soap onto the palm of one of your hands 4) Rub your hands together until you make a lathers 5) Scrub your hands with the palm of your hand over the back of the other hand and making sure you rub between the fingers, the wrists, forearms and under your nails. 6) Rinse off the soap with clean water 7) When turning off the taps use a paper towel to avoid getting bacteria back on your hands 8) When drying your hands use a single use towel or an air dryer 9) When leaving the bathroom try to prevent touching dirty surfaces as you are leaving the bathroom. Eiv A description of how and when to use personal protective equipment You should use personal protective equipment for any procedure that involved bodily contact or means that you will be coming into contact with anybody waste or fluids. This is because it will reduce the risk of infections spreading such as if you get it on your clothes and then come into contact with another person. At the end of each procedure you should take off the protective clothing such as aprons and gloves and dispose of them correctly. You should use new protective clothing when coming into contact with each different individual. Environmental Safety An outline of how to prevent and what to do in the event of: Ev Fire To prevent a fire you should fit smoke alarms and test then regularly and change the batteries annually, never leave the stove unattended when using it, keep portable heaters away from furniture, furnishings and flammable items and when leaving the house make sure you turn them off, Do not leave any electrical turned on when not in use and turn the main switches off when not using them and at night unplug all electrical items that are not being used, if possible do not use multi-way socket adapters and do not run electrical leads under the carpet. In the event of a fire you should call the fire service straight away when the fire alarm sounds. You should try to evacuate the building as fast as possible following the personal emergency evacuation plans for each of the individuals in the building and also following the fire safety procedure. If possible you  should try to get the individuals out of the building if it is safe for you to do so. Before entering any of the rooms with the back of your hand you should touch the door handle to see if it is hot, if it is then you should not open this door as it will let oxygen in and make the fire worse. You should always stay close to the floor if there is a lot of smoke as it raises so you are safer the closer to the floor you are as you won’t be inhaling as much smoke. If possible have a wet towel over your mouth to prevent the smoke getting into your lungs. Keep all doors closed as if you have fire doors then this can give you extra time to get out of the building. Evi Gas Leak To prevent a gas leak you should check that all appliances that use gas are turned off e.g. cooker, fire, radiators. In the event of a gas leak you should dial 999 for help and/or inform your health and safety officer/manager straight away, You should not turn any switches on or off, you should go to the assembly point and remove yourself and others from the building immediately, the incident should also be recorded. Evi Flood To prevent a flood you should make sure that everyone knows where and how to turn the water off and all taps should not be left running in the bath or sink. In the event of a flood you should turn off the water supply, call 999 or inform your health and safety officer immediately, do not turn switches on or off and remove yourself and others from the building as quickly as possible in case water and electric mix as this can be very dangerous. Evii Intrusion To prevent an intrusion you should being vigilant of security of building  i.e. doors, windows and make sure these are shut and locked when you are not home and at night. Do not give out spare keys to others or key codes and follow a procedure check list such as at night going round and making sre all windows and doors are shut and locked. In the event of an intrusion dial 999 and tell them what has happened, if possible go to a room with a lock and lock yourself in there, if not try to get out of the building and take others with you. Eviii Security Breach To prevent a security breach keep all confidential information locked away or passworded on the computer, keep all documents out of sight and never leave them laying about. Keep all doors and windows locked. In the event of a security breach try to leave the building safely with others, dial 999 and report to them.